Research Team

Thein Soe, Scope Network (Lead Researcher)
Kyaw Soe Win, GMES (Member)
Thet Naing Htun, Scope Network (Member)
Sai Soe Thant, GMES (Field Collaborator)

Survey Team

Thet Naing Htun, Scope Network (Team Leader)
Myo Thet Naung, GMES (Field Coordinator)
Thazin Khine (Enumerator)
Kyi Kyi Shein (Enumerator)
Ei Mon Soe (Enumerator)
Myo Zaw Khaing (Enumerator)

There are totally 938 households living in these six villages and the survey is successfully conducted to 131 households by using random sampling and cluster sampling methods. According to the statistical approach, the exploratory argument has a 95% chance that the real value is within ±7.95% of the surveyed value.

– – About 63% of the working persons are from agriculture sector and the other 18% are casual labors and working in various workplaces.

The 32.35% of these household members are working persons. For the participation of working persons according to the household members, it can be argued that in most of the households, from one-fifth to three-fifth of household members are in workplace. Among these working persons, the ratio of women participation to men is 7:10. The disguised labor shares 38.1% of working persons in which women participation is 1.4 times of men participation. In the group of working persons – who can earn certain income – the women participation is slightly less than half of the men participation. The 85% of these persons are working in the local area of Lawksawk and Shwe Nyaung, the other 5% are working in other areas of the country, and the rest 10% are working abroad. About 63% of the working persons are from agriculture sector and the other 18% are casual labors and working in various workplaces.

This regression model explains about 22% of all the variability in the dataset of household survey but it can be strongly confident that there is a significant linear relationship between these variables.

The variation of income generation by these households and their expenditure have much gaps among these households. The 89% of these households have relatively normal or low income and 85% for expenditure also. The amount of income generation of individual household does not depend on the number of both working persons and earning persons as well as the amount of expenditure does not depend on how the number of household members. It can be reasoned that a household would require to earn about 125,000 Kyats monthly as minimum for endure living in this area; not including the accommodation fee.

The sources of main income generated sectors for this area are recorded as 12 business activities and the agriculture sector shares 72.5% among them. Although the dominant economic sector of this area is agriculture, about 73% of those households are lower or lowest income households relatively among the area. The 88% of households hold the land of either cultivated plots or horticulture; some of them do not operate agriculture activities themselves and they hire their land-plots to other farmers. About 4% of households who operate agriculture activities by renting land-plots totally from others and the rest 8% also rent although they hold some land-plots. These households are cultivating or planting the corn, paddy, pigeon pea, gram pea, garlic, sugarcane, watermelon and mango. For every 30 households who have agriculture activities, 15 households are cultivating corn and 12 households are cultivating paddy, these two crops are main crops for the villages.

• The income amounts of 1,500,000 Kyats and above are outlier values and these households are classified as households of highest income.
• The 89% of these households have relatively normal or low income.
  • 51% of households can be classified as households of lowest income and
  • another 26% of households can be classified as households of lower income relatively.

It can be estimated that a farmer would require to input 140,000 Kyats to 200,000 Kyats to cultivate the corn and require 150,000 Kyats to 250,000 Kyats for paddy cultivation per acre as minimum scheme. About 38% of households who have agriculture activities input the required capital with self-financing scheme. The other 62% of households depend on loan/credit – either fully or partially – from the various sources of formal and informal creditors. Among these 131 households, households just under 3% have the practice of saving at banks.

:: 9 out of 10 households use mobile-phones
:: 15 out of 20 households possess motorbikes
:: 3 out of 20 households possess bicycle
:: 7 out of 10 households have televisions
:: 5 out of 20 households have radios
:: 9 out of 50 households have EVD/DVD players
:: 7 out of 50 households install satellite receivers
:: 7 out of 25 households own tractors or trailers (Htawlargyi)

This baseline study is conducted by

in collaboration with